Cghqscoring is a relatively specialised method and is useful only when it is important not to miss cases with longstanding disorders. With the 0011 scoring scheme, optimum discrimination occurred near ghq 34, giving a specificity of 0. It is possible that these dimensions are the result of the wording of the ghq12, namely its division into positively phrased pp and negatively phrased. A well validated scale, such as the ghq 12, with an associated cutpoint to distinguish cases from noncases is a good alternative. Using the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 to assess the psychological health of malaysian college students. Then a sample of young people aged 18 to 25 years old completed the questionnaire. Since the dimensionality and the related psychometric properties of the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 are still under debate, the present study compares different factor solutions from the literature to determine which shows the best fit and to investigate reliability and construct validity. This analysis aimed to examine the optimal threshold of the ghq, its variability and relationship with prevalence of psychiatric disorder. Main version of the ghq, used to identify cases for more intensive examination.
This tool was created from the 12item general health questionnaire and antonovskys. Any score exceeding the threshold value of 4 is classed as achieving psychiatric. The score was used to generate a total score ranging from 0 to 36. Apr 24, 2008 the 12item general health questionnaire ghq 12 is used routinely as a unidimensional measure of psychological morbidity. Since the ghq12 is a brief, simple, easy to complete, and its application in research settings as a screening tool is well documented. It includes especially an assessment of the inability to carry out ones normal health functions and the appearance of new phenomena of a distressing nature. Aug 30, 2009 how do i score the general health questionnaire 12 item. An alternative scoring method offered by goldberg and williams is the ghq scoring method, which transforms the scale into a yesno scale by recoding 0 and 1 as 0, and 2 and 3 as 1. To compare the scoring methods and thresholds of the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 and the edinburgh postnatal depression scale epds in english women, and to determine which threshold and scoring method provides the closest correlation of caseness of postnatal depression in a nationally representative sample of english women.
General health questionnaire ghq statistics solutions. Two consecutive cohorts 2006 and 2007 were invited to complete the ghq 12. However, few studies have measured the mental health of chinese professionals or explored the factor structure of the ghq12 through investigations of young chinese civil servants. Slovakia, a central european country, is joining the. However, some researchers reported that many university freshmen recently develop june. The general health questionnaire ghq is a selfadministered screening device for identifying minor psychiatric disorders in the general population and within community or nonpsychiatric clinical settings such as primary care or general medical outpatients. Comparison of scoring methods and thresholds of the general. Indeed, working in unhealthy organizations appears to be particularly risky for workers. Authors sir david goldberg and paul williams 1970 interview with sir david goldberg validity and reliability the reported cronbach alpha coefficient for the ghq is a range of 0.
Employing the recommended method of scoring ranging from 0 to 12, the mean ghq score was 3. The general health questionnaire ghq12 is a popular measure of psychological distress. Jul 07, 2011 how is the scoring performed on a ghq 12 form. Our aim is to find the cutpoints on the mhi5 and mcs that imitate the ghq 12 cutpoint as closely as possible. Pdf using the 12item general health questionnaire ghq. Early detection of vulnerable students might direct pastoral care and remedial support to where it is needed.
The different versions enable researchers and clinicians to select the version most appropriate to their individual requirements. The factor structure of the twelve item general health. The 12 item version, with its ease of administration and validity as a screening measure, has been in. The general health questionnaire28 is frequently used as an indicator of psychological wellbeing and this latter construct resembles the psychological dimension of quality of life goldberg and hillier 1979, sanderman and stewart 1990, euridiss 1990, krol et al. It is widely used in clinical practice, epidemiological research and for research in psychology 24. The ghq manual notes that it is not appropriate for use with children but that it. The ghq manual notes that it is not appropriate for use with children but that it has been used with adolescents goldberg.
Suitable for all ages from adolescent upwards but not children, it assesses the respondents current state and asks if that differs from his or her. Jul 24, 2007 psychological distress was measured at two years after the earthquake by using ghq 12 in 2,107 subjects 99. Does the 12item general health questionnaire contain. The 12item general health questionnaire ghq12 psicothema. Many factoranalytic studies have reported that the ghq12 has two or three dimensions, threatening its validity. This instrument targets two areas the inability to carry out normal. Ghq30 is a selfreport screening instrument to detect current, diagnosable psychiatric disorders. The effectiveness of casefinding for mental health problems in. Consecutive patients from a random sample of gps were screened using the general health questionnaire ghq12.
Wording effects and the factor structure of the 12item. This instrument targets two areas the inability to carry out normal functions and the appearance of distress to assess wellbeing in a person. A simple method for assessing the mental health status of. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that the ghq 12 assesses. In a new document, 234 pieces of data are inserted in the following cases. The 12item general health questionnaire ghq12 is a selfreport measure of psychological morbidity, in tended to detect psychiatric disorders in community set tings and nonpsychiatric settings 1.
Hilliers 28 item scaled version of the general health questionnaire. The validity of two versions of the ghq in the who study of. Evaluating cutpoints for the mhi5 and mcs using the ghq12. What is the general health questionnaire12 assessing. This paper used primary data obtained from a crosssectional household study of tannery workers from jajmau area of the city of kanpur in northern india, which was conducted during january.
We have tested three different factor models of the ghq 12. General health questionnaire ghq developed in the 1970s, the general health questionnaire is a method to quantify the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. The general health questionnaire ghq12 by goldberg 1976 is a selfadministered questionnaire designed to detect persons that are symptomatic or at risk of developing the common, nonpsychotic mental health problems associated with depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, and social dysfunction jackson, 2007. The internal consistency of the ghq12 was good cronbachs.
The 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 has been widely used in many settings and languages, and includes positively and negatively worded items. Mental health at individual and organizational level 12 1gabriele giorgi, jose maria leon perez, andrea castiello dantonio, 1francisco javier fiz perez, giulio arcangeli, vincenzo cupelli and nicola mucci3 3,4 1department of psychology, european university of rome. Understanding general health questionnaire ghq28 score and. Validity and testretest reliability of the italian version of the 12item. University of groningen selfrated health and quality of life. The finding of variation in the optimal threshold of the general health questionnaire ghq across different settings has proved difficult to explain. Bmc public health research article open access the reliability of the twelveitem general health questionnaire ghq 12 under realistic assumptions matthew hankins1,2,3 address. American psychiatric association diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders is the prominent. For current study purposes, 2003, 2004 and 2006 data were merged into one. The ghq is available in several versions to suit different applications. The general health questionnaire ghq is a psychometric screening tool to identify common psychiatric conditions.
The validity of the ghq 12 was compared with the ghq 28 in a world health organization study of psychological disorders in general health care. We investigated the use of the shortform general health questionnaire ghq 12 as a possible screening tool. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to reveal the factor structure of ghq 12. Am going to analyze population based mental health study that has used ghq 12 likert scoring 0 12 3.
Pdf previous research has suggested multiple factor structures for. The general health questionnaire ghq 12 detects non severe psychiatric illnesses. Wording effects and the factor structure of the 12item general health questionnaire ghq 12 j. Oct 14, 2008 the twelveitem general health questionnaire ghq 12 is intended to screen for general nonpsychotic psychiatric morbidity. The ghq 12 item questionnaire is a quick, reliable and sensitive short form ideal for research studies. General health questionnaire general health questionnaire ghq brief description the general health questionnaire was developed in england as a screening instrument to identify psychological distress among adults in primary care settings.
The ghq 12 classifies each individual in the dataset as a case or a noncase. If you want to use aliases for the ranking display, please set the settings all result alias for the ranking display. The questionnaire comprises a number of questions, each with a fourpoint likert scale for responses. Nov, 2003 the objective of this study was to translate and to test the reliability and validity of the 12item general health questionnaire ghq 12 in iran. Pdf the general health questionnaire ghq12 is a popular. A high ghq score preceded the onset of lbp, in such a way that a high score at the immediately previous follow up increased risk of lbp at the next follow up. Previous validity studies have compared ghq12 scores to various gold. Although commonly treated as a general index, the definition of its factorial structure is cause for debate.
Results from the roc curve indicated that the ghq12 yielded greater accuracy when identifying mood and anxiety disorders than when identifying all mental disorders as a whole. General health questionnaire occupational medicine oxford. It is scored based on the four possible answers for each item. No values have been reported for the responsiveness of the ghq 28 for the sci population. In scoring the ghq, the four columns ranging from not at all to much more than usual are coded 0, 1, 2 or 3. Pdf the impact of ambiguous response categories on the factor. What cutoff do we use to categorize ghq 12 0123 into no. For me, i plan to kill myself instead of wait to become infected.
Correlation of the ghq 28 is high with the clinical interview scale r0. Will you wait for the virus to kill you, or commit suicide first. The 12item general health questionnaire ghq 12 is a commonly used screening instrument for measuring mental disorders. Developed in the 1970s, the general health questionnaire is a method to quantify the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. Suitable for all ages from adolescent upwards not children, it assesses the respondents current. Estimating prevalence of anxiety and mood disorder in survey data. Scaled general health questionnaire28 ghq28 spinal cord. Validation of the general health questionnaire ghq12. A database was built from data collected through a survey of workers in italian industrial and public firms. The general health questionaire ghq 12 in a sample of italian workers. Validity coefficients of the 12item general health questionnaire ghq12 were. We should like to know if you have any medical complaints, and how your health has been in general, over the past few weeks. Ghq 12 was scored by binary, chronic and likert scoring method. Overview of the most relevant general health questionnaire12 factor models.
It has been translated and validated in at least two languages in addition to english, including spanish and persian. Reliability and validity of general health questionnaire ghq. Abstract the 12item general health questionnaire is widely used as a screening tool in nonpsychiatric setting. The general health questionnaire ghq is a screening device for identifying minor psychiatric disorders in the general population and within community or nonpsychiatric clinical settings such as primary care or general medical outpatients. Not much is known about the usefulness of the ghq 12 factors, if they exist, in revealing betweenpatient differences in clinical states and healthrelated quality of life. The ghq28 is a scaled version, yielding four subscores, each based on seven items and a total score.
A crosssectional twophase epidemiological survey was used in a study of nonpsychotic psychiatric. Nov 11, 2004 the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 is widely used as a unidimensional instrument, but factor analyses tended to suggest that it contains two or three factors. The purpose of this study was to test the reliability, validity and factor structure of ghq 12 questionnaire on male tannery workers of india. Factor structure of the general health questionnaire ghq12. The structure of the general health questionnaire ghq12 taylor. Jan 01, 2007 using the alternative binary scoring method with the two least symptomatic answers scoring 0 and the two most symptomatic answers scoring 1, the 28 and 30item versions classify any score exceeding the threshold value of 4 as achieving caseness.
Designed for use by doctors, psychiatrists and researchers, the ghq is ideal for use in community and nonpsychiatric settings. Pdf the structure of the general health questionnaire ghq12. Using a standard forwardbackward translation procedure, the english language version of the questionnaire was translated into persian iranian language. It has been widely used and, as a result, translated into many languages and extensively validated in general and clinical populations worldwide. The general health questionaire ghq12 in a sample of. In recent years the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 has been extensively used as a short screening instrument, producing results that are comparable to longer versions of the ghq.
343 1210 119 482 492 1112 998 864 516 866 633 1303 1033 249 326 197 1657 412 788 646 306 439 1134 594 364 155 40 462 1306 362 267